@article{Cascone2016,

title = {Gastrointestinal behavior and ADME phenomena: I. In vitro simulation},

author = {Sara Cascone and Gaetano Lamberti and Francesco Marra and Giuseppe Titomanlio and Matteo d'Amore and Anna Angela Barba},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1773224716302659

},

doi = {10.1016/j.jddst.2016.08.002},

issn = {1773-2247},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-10-01},

journal = {Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology},

volume = {35},

pages = {272-283},

abstract = {The most common administration route for pharmaceuticals is the oral one. A drug orally administered has to undergo several processes in order to carry out its therapeutic potential. The pharmaceutical has to dissolve and to release the API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) in the desired location along the GI (Gastro Intestinal) tract, to pass through the intestinal wall, to overcome the liver (first-pass metabolism), and finally to reach the plasma, where it has to be stable during its travel toward the target organ/tissue. The key roles in this complex framework are played by the design (such as matrices, reservoirs, enteric systems) and the testing of the pharmaceuticals.



This review is focused on the state of the art in the pharmaceutical testing methods, carried out by the simulation of what happens once the pharmaceutical has been administered, investigating the in vitro approach. In the first section, the generalities of the dissolution and the ADME (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion) phenomena are investigated. In the second section, the in vitro apparatuses are described, with a special focus on the role of food in their design and behavior. Some case histories of application for each approach are also discussed.},

keywords = {Biodistribution, In vitro, Pharmacokinetics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Abbiati2015,

title = {Definition and validation of a patient-individualized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model},

author = { Roberto Andrea Abbiati and Gaetano Lamberti and Mario Grassi and Francesco Trotta and Davide Manca},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098135415003130},

doi = {10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.09.018},

issn = {00981354},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-04},

journal = {Computers \& Chemical Engineering},

volume = {84 },

pages = {394-408},

abstract = {Pharmacokinetic modeling based on a mechanistic approach is a promising tool for drug concentration prediction in living beings. The development of a reduced physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model (PBPK model), is performed by lumping organs and tissues with comparable characteristics respect to drug distribution phenomena. The proposed reduced model comprises eight differential equations and 18 adaptive parameters. To improve the quality of the PBPK model these adaptive parameters are alternatively: (i) individualized according to literature correlations on the physiological features of each patient; (ii) assigned as constants based on the features of either human body or drug properties; (iii) regressed respect to experimental data. The model predictive capability is validated with experimental blood concentrations of remifentanil, an analgesic drug, administered via bolus injection with four doses (2, 5, 15, 30$mu$g/kg) to mixed groups of patients. Concentration profiles for the four simulated doses reveal a rather good consistency with experimental data.},

keywords = {Biodistribution, In silico, Model reduction and lumping, Personalized parameters, Pharmacokinetic models, Pharmacokinetics, Physiologically based modeling, Remifentanil.},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}